Resolution and monitor size - what is the dependence?

Question

Monitors

Good afternoon,
I recently bought a laptop with a screen size of 13" and a resolution of 1920x1080. I have a monitor with the same resolution, but its size is 23". I thought that the number of elements displayed on these monitors would be exactly the same, but this is not so. All windows on a laptop monitor are larger, and therefore you cannot work with multiple windows at once.
Please help me with the following questions:
1) Do I understand the concept of permission correctly? One resolution on screens with different sizes should look the same? Or is there a relationship between screen size and resolution?
As I understand it, the screen should show 1920 pixels wide and 1080 pixels long, but I don’t understand why the pixels are larger on the laptop screen.
2) Does the OS itself enlarge the elements to make it more convenient to use the small screen? If so, how is it possible to make it look like on a large monitor?
I took 2 screenshots to clearly show the differences in the display.
Desktop - goo.gl/8LtLcu
Laptop - goo.gl/2IddKF

Answer 1

screen properties - check
the resolution in the same place somewhere near the "font size" - maybe it costs 200%, then everything is enlarged
ps. all = "often with glitches. and not all."

Answer 2

1) Not exactly. In your case, the monitor resolution should be calculated not in relation to the XXXX px × XXXX px type, but in the number of pixels per inch (ppi), since the pixel value is not constant, then one resolution on screens with different sizes will look the same.
2) Does the OS itself enlarge the elements to make it more convenient to use the small screen? It depends on both the OS and the monitor. Some monitors, when connected, "declare" their physical dimensions or absolute, and some only the relative resolution of the matrix. That is, if you connect several monitors to one system that "talk" about their sizes, for example, one 27 "FullHD and one 27" QHD, then the OS will probably be able to calculate and align the sizes of the displayed elements on them. But we must again take into account that until now most of the graphics in the interfaces are raster and are drawn in one resolution.