Where to start to understand how computers communicate with each other and within themselves?

Question

Computer networks

I ran into a seemingly simple problem - installing LAMP + a couple more working utilities on a virtual machine in order to create a suitable development environment for php. I do everything according to the manuals, but after a step some problem appears, some take hours, others I could not solve. Most of the problems were with the connection of the host machine with the virtual one (I did not figure it out with ftp).
As a result, I realized that I lacked knowledge in the database, namely how networks work, how to manage them, and all that. The concepts of ssh, ip, tcp / ip, ftp seem to be familiar, I can say what it is and why it is needed, but at the administration level I am close to zero, setting up ports is generally a dark forest for me. I'm more than sure I'm wording the question wrong :)
Please tell me where to start and where to dig? If possible, then the starting materials are simpler, so that you first enter, and only then go deeper.

Answer 1

ready-made LAMP - Open Server Panel
virtual machines - depending on what
local networks are as the basis - https://linkmeup.ru/blog/11.html

Answer 2

From Olifer's book

Answer 3

I recommend courses on linkedin learning. They are super simple and useful.
Here is a link to the Learning Path on system administration:
https://www.linkedin.com/learning/paths/become-an...
Linkedin is blocked in Russia, so you need an extension in a browser like FastProxy.

Answer 4

On Wikipedia, you read what an
IP address
is Netmask
Default route
TCP port
Network interface
You only need to read this for IPv4, what is written in IPv6 is very different.

Answer 5

Read about the layered network model. These are the very basics.