Main Russian Provider?

Question

Network administration

Who in Russia owns the Internet channels that connect us with other countries. Is it the same provider? or there are other exit points. And what protocols do they use?

Answer 1

There are only two large companies in Russia, TTK and Rostelecom.

Answer 2

Luckily, we don’t have more than one
backbone providers, we have several external ones + foreign ones still come to us, many of Russia have fiber to the largest traffic exchange points in Amsterdam and Germany.
At least these external channels
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D...
But there are actually more networks with external channels.

Answer 3

I will answer in order of increasing subjective complexity of the question.

And what protocols do they use?

Route exchanges typically use BGPv4.

Who in Russia owns the Internet channels that connect us with other countries.

Is it the same provider?

No, not one, not even two. The issue is quite extensive, there is a backbone cable infrastructure (Russian, non-Russian, cross-border), there are traffic exchange points, there are organizations exchanging traffic taking into account various policies. All this is in interaction.
Here is an article on the topic.