Files on NTFS are strangely beaten, how to warn?

Question

NTFS

I had 3 hard drives: a 500 GB system hard drive (the old Win7 system was on it and temporary downloads were downloaded to it), a 1 TB drive only for personal photo-video-documents (I rarely connect, it mostly lives on a shelf), a disk for a collection of music and video on 2 TB (always in work). About a year ago I bought a 128 GB SSD, put a new Win7 there, and 2 disks constantly worked in my computer: a system SSD and a 2-terabyte drive with music, and a 500-GB disk rested. And I also bought a 3-terabyte Toshiba drive a year ago specifically for backups: I (after running tests first) copied everything that was on the 500-GB, 1-TB and 2-TB screws onto it. Accordingly, I made 3 daddies on it: "500GB", "1TB" and "2TB". Everything was fine.
But the day before yesterday, I decided to add fresh videos to this 3-terabyte drive that have accumulated on the SSD (mostly downloaded from YouTube). I connected it via a USB box and uploaded the video to the same folder where the old "unsorted" videos were (path "/500GB/Downloads/Video).
As a result, I found strange things.
This video folder, as well as a couple of neighboring ones (with pictures and another one), stopped opening. Win7 gives a message that the folder may be corrupted. Launched HD Tune Pro - the hard drive is ideal, health is "OK". The quick surface test went fine, but the full test, to my surprise, did not work (that is, it seems to be running, the "run" button is pressed, but the process is not running). Then I launched the standard CheckDisc, it hung for a long time, the counter of some files grew there, then it stopped and that's it. After that, I was able to open these folders, but here I was even more surprised.
Part of the video (both old and freshly added) opened normally. Part stopped opening in VLC. And another part began to open in an amazing way! I launch the downloaded video about the Soyuz rocket - and the sound starts playing for me from the middle of Tsoi's concert and VLC also shows the album cover instead of the video. I launch another video - and jazz plays for me. The third video is played by guslars. Etc. I have this music (Tsoi, jazz, psaltery, etc.) on the same 3 TB drive, but in a completely different folder (this is a backup from a 2 terabyte, respectively, lies in the "2 TB" folder). For interest, I found the very concert of Tsoi, the guslars and the very jazz - they are not beaten, they open normally. They are all mp3 files, and youtube videos are mostly mp4 and flv.
And yes, after this check with CheckDisc, we managed to pass a full surface test with the HD Tune Pro utility, the result is everything is OK.
And I, along with fresh videos, added 3 subfolders with other videos to that ill-fated folder, when I managed to enter the folder, I saw that 2 of them had disappeared.
Then I ran CheckDisc again, and after a couple of hours it gave me "986573 file SDs/SIDs processed." and at the same time, the check is not completed, the Start button is inactive, only Cancel is active. But both Cancel and the cross are not pressed, i.e. Checkdisc hangs and won't close. After that, I again went to that folder, and there appeared 2 missing subfolders with videos, but under different names: "51A2~1" and "(2)~1". Other videos open in the same way (i.e. music instead).
It is clear that you can format the disk and forget it. But I want to understand what happened, how such strange failures in the file system appeared without failures of the screw surface? Why does music play instead of the video when I start it, sometimes from the middle of the track and from a completely different folder? And how to repair such damage?