D-Link DSL-2500U and windows 8, 8.1, 10 - the problem of transmitting and receiving data packets, how to fix it without replacing the router?

Question

Windows

The essence of the problem is that Windows (or a router) blocks outgoing requests one by one (page refresh, skype, viber, etc. cannot connect), then incoming requests (connected but messages do not come, the page does not load correctly, and partially from cookies, etc.).
Works great with Linux, no problems at all. I cleared cookies, changed network settings (disabled ipv6, got angry at it, but no... Autorouting, etc.)