Why do files break when saved on another computer?

Question

Windows

I have an NVME SSD that I connected to the NVME-USB3.0 adapter and used this design as a flash drive on which I stored all the working files.
I worked with this disk for half a year on a daily basis on a working computer on WIn10. There were no problems. Then the holidays came, I took the disk home, connected it to my home computer (also Win10), worked for a week, went to work and went nuts - all the files that I changed on the working computer stopped opening. This applies in general to different types of files: bmp, xlsx, CAD. I just get a message that the file is corrupted when I try to open it. Moreover, even some folders stopped opening, and after a reboot they disappeared altogether. Checking the disk with Windows tools did not give anything.
Then I conducted a second experiment with the disk - I worked in the Excel file on the disk on my home computer, saved it and sent it to my mail. On a working computer, the file did not open from the disk, but from the mail without problems.
For the sake of interest, I tried to repeat this on a regular flash drive - there were no problems.
SSD -Apacer AS2280P2 AP240GAS2280P2-1 240Gb
Adapter with Ali from Orico

Answer 1

It is possible that your home computer is not supplying enough current to the USB port.
Unlike flash drives, hard drives (especially ordinary ones with motors) are quite voracious, even 500 mA may not be enough for them.
For some HDDs, for example, they made a wire with two USB plugs at once in order to take current from two USB ports, with a margin ...
Run a multiple check of the disk surface on a home computer, and something with writing information to the disk. If you repeatedly check the entire drive, power or controller problems will be detected faster.

Answer 2

The file system of the drive is damaged, or even the hardware part. Maybe it's still in the adapter.
1.delete the file system, create a new one. Check.
2. Connect the drive directly or through another adapter.
ps Judging by the fact that you do not write a model - a drive from alishka?

Answer 3

Compare file hashes and check RAM on both machines

Answer 4

Disable disk write caching