What exchange rate is used when cashing out at a “foreign” ATM?

Question

Fintech

There is a Mastercard, dollar.
What exchange rate will be used when cashing out at an ATM that is "foreign" for the card?
1) The card owner converts the bank (the bank is foreign, it seems strange for him to keep rubles in his place. And you can only guess about the rate)
2) Converts the mastercard (you can also only guess about the rate)
3) The ATM owner converts the bank. At the official rate of the Central Bank + allowances? Exchange rate + allowances?
Relevant because The official rate of the Central Bank from the stock exchange can significantly differ in both directions.

Answer 1

It is described here about Turkey, but I think that it is also suitable in your case Exchange rate .
From the article it turns out that the exchange takes place at mastercard rates