What books and resources do you know for learning microcontroller chip design principles?

Question

Circuit design

Hello!
I am interested in books on creating boards and selecting (calculating) the necessary components.
I want to assemble the device and not just on a breadboard, but directly suffer with LUT, flash the MK and make a completely autonomous and workable device.
What is my problem :
I work as a .Net developer, I used to write in C / C ++ (accordingly, I have experience in programming).
At the university there was a circuit design and programming of MK. They didn’t really explain anything about design, only about the components themselves, and the labs were like instructions in Ikea (respectively, the words TTL and TTLSH also mean something to me). At the same time, all the labs are on the stands, and not on the components and printed circuit boards.
Now there is an irresistible desire to create a device, but it scares me that I don’t know anything about how exactly a microcircuit is created.
For clarity - an example :
You need to make a device consisting of a button and a tweeter. Accordingly, you press the button - it beeps.
What problems do I have :
- I have no idea what additional elements will be required (I assume that resistors will be needed to lower the voltage, but this is the only thing I can guess)
- Even if I know what elements are needed, I do not know how to calculate them options.
- If you need MK for something, I don’t even know how to power it and test it.
In general, information is needed specifically on the part of circuitry, rather than on the part of MK programming (In extreme cases, you can try Arduino)
I would be very grateful for help

Answer 1

Simple Solution: "Learn Arduino. Tools and Techniques of Tech Wizardry."
You will find the answer in the first 50 pages of this book. But the knowledge will be superficial, its author is a junior student who, moreover, writes bad code.
To get complete knowledge, you need to spend several months, for example, on the book Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits. For MIT students (including free online courses at edx) it can be read for free. Over a thousand pages. Several courses have also been built on its basis, you can start with MIT 6.002 on the same edx.

Answer 2

Book
Read "The Art of Circuitry". The book is not difficult. Then grab the MK

Answer 3

press the button - it beeps

I apologize of course, I think you understand, but here the MK is not needed, a couple of wires are just a couple of wires and everything is connected in series.
I advise all the same to start with an arduino, and then you can do it without it, the main thing is to understand the principles of circuitry. programming it is easy, download an arduino ide, a simple usb cable and go. Arduino has a huge community, so for beginners, a quick start is guaranteed and very simple.
for a super quick entry, you can look at the ampere translation of a small course from Jeremy, there are some examples of calculations there, more recently, the course appeared on coursera in Russian.
it’s more convenient to start with an arduino, you can easily refuse it if necessary, although it makes no sense, it costs a couple of bucks (if you take mini or nano), and all the wiring is there, and you’ll find something to solder if you tighten it.