Questions about the switch and router. How does it work and what are the currents?

Question

network hardware

In order not to create a lot of questions, I will try to state all the questions here, supporting them with pictures.
To begin with, let's imagine that our switches have no limitation in any parameters other than bandwidth (it doesn't matter what it is, the main thing is that it makes it difficult to transfer data).
In some examples, I consider problems either only with switches or routers. I ask you to answer how the systems behaved with the switch, after as with the router.
I can redraw my clumsy drawings to state the essence of my question.
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Questions:
1. Can a switch or router work in such a network? What problems can there be and is it possible that it will allow to distribute traffic and speed up data transfer?
Suppose that a large load has fallen on each switch (router), all network users have begun to transfer files among themselves, someone enters the server, that is, the network is not easy and all this will not end.
- green color, switching to other users.

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2. There may be problems with this arrangement of the network. What problems, why, how can be solved using a similar scheme?

3. How the router determines where to send it a signal. (I read several articles about protocols, everything is clear except for the principle of its distribution of traffic for recognizing short or long paths (I mean, does it recognize this?), there is an example of the "Internet gateway" operation, but this is not enough and I don’t know where to direct my thoughts)
4. How the switch determines where to send the signal to it.

Answer 1

www.cisco.com/web/RU/learning/le3/le2/le0/le9/lear...
Read textbooks on networks, go to courses, CCNA is enough
for you. learn networks...

Answer 2

Pavel Padozhnikov
1. use switches.
2. despite the redundancy, problems should not arise due to the use of the STP protocol in the switches.
answers to 3 and 4 are better to read in a book / Internet.
PS Pavel, what problem are we solving?

Answer 3

Of course, I don’t understand these schemes, but I’m sure that you won’t notice the difference, but about question 4, it all depends on what level the switch is most often level 2 and everything happens there by MAC addresses

Answer 4

Here I already answered about the differences between the switch and the router.