How to set up a local network between machines on Ubuntu and Windows?

Question

Computer networks

Hello.
There are two machines connected to a SAGEMCOM [email protected] 2804, V7 rev.1 router with a cable. On one PC Ubuntu 14.04.3, on the second Windows 10 Pro.
How is it possible to "share" (well, or what is it called?) a Windows computer from Ubuntu so that there is access to the files of a Windows user. In general, it is possible to do this without his knowledge? I mean without physically touching the Windows machine.
Also, I went to the march settings. Through the browser, I looked at the connected PCs in the DHCP tab. What is the result: a Windows machine calmly pings an Ubuntu machine, on the contrary, it doesn’t work, why is that?
In general, what can you read on this subject: articles, mb some literature? It's good to understand such things.
I'll also be a little offtopic, but I hope that the question will not be deleted:
Recently there was a situation, threw off the march. to the factory settings, as a result, I could not access the Internet, there was no disk at hand with automatic configuration. Can routers be configured manually? What knowledge is needed for this, and again, what to read about this? :)

Answer 1

For ubuntu, the sharing file can be googled for the samba setting
In Windows, you need to select the home network in the network settings, perhaps the antivirus still interferes.
The router can be configured manually by going to its web interface, the address is usually written on the back of the router.

Answer 2

check the network settings on both machines, the PCs must be on the same local network, read about samba about shared folders on Ubuntu. Folders are rummaged around there quite easily.