How to make a roadmap or several roadmaps for a beginner in IT at a crossroads?

Question

IT education

Hello world!
I am a second-year student of the direction that graduates teachers of physics and computer science (yes, this happens).
I did not have the opportunity to make a conscious, deliberate choice of profession, I just wanted to connect my life and work with IT - simply because it was always interesting to me.
We are not bad physicists, but IT education in our province is disgusting, it has unjustifiably broken, chaotic and sometimes irrelevant programs. I never left the desire for knowledge much deeper than what is given to us in pairs, and as a volunteer, I grabbed various projects and tasks - coding, administration, technical support, maintenance and other things that I could quickly figure out.
I begin to uncover the essence of the issue: I have some absolutely useless stack of initial knowledge about different IT technologies. In the process of studying each one, I was haunted by the feeling that I always start not from the beginning, from something different, that I have gaps or complete, absolute ignorance of the necessary adjacent areas. Here are some examples of questions that popped into my head:

• Studied C# syntax and learned how to write .NET Core console applications. In the learning process, I had to climb and edit configurations written using XML. What is it, where to read about it, how to study it well?
  
• I came across OOP while learning C#. It's not very difficult, but there is a desire to fully understand the internal structure of some methods, how they are created and work in general?
  
• Maybe I didn't start at all? Maybe, for a complete understanding, it was necessary to start not with an object-oriented language? Do you need C and C++ to achieve Zen?
  
• How does a compiler work? How does a conditional WriteLine cause the pixels on the screen to add up to the information needed for output in C#, or how does print do it in Python? How are programming language tools created and operated?
  
• Microsoft Learn told me that there are other types of programming, like functional F# and stuff like that. Why are they needed, at what point should we start studying them?
  
• I love Linux, I really like Linux. I endlessly install them, configure them, find small pieces of information about how this or that thing in the operating system works. And how does it all work in general? How does an operating system generally work? I found out that there are distributions where you have almost a bare core and you build the system yourself to suit your needs. And how does this very core work? What is it? How to start building systems yourself, where and how to learn it? What is hidden behind the graphic shells?
  
• And how do programs work with operating systems? Why don't Windows programs work with Linux, and what tricks do Linux users use to make them work?
  

This list is endless.

I reveal the essence of the question:
I wish to understand in the future: how do hardware and operating systems work and interact? How do applications work with operating systems, what languages ​​​​and in what case should I use to create certain applications? How to integrate your applications with various web technologies, etc.?
Is there some kind of must-have-super-necessary initial stack in learning all this, some first step of some kind of knowledge - or several such "steps" for a novice developer, a roadmap or several roadmaps that describe the very beginning of learning any system development or application development?

Thanks in advance to everyone for each answer and separately for each detailed answer. Every piece of information is very, very important.

Answer 1

Yes, this "must-have-super-essential starting stack" is called Google. All the questions that you cited as an example are solved by Google. There are also a lot of road maps on Google, but as for me, you don’t need to take and study everything in this map, you should decide what you will do, put a test project on paper - start doing it and study the necessary technologies as necessary.

Answer 2

the feeling that I always start not from the beginning, from something not that I have gaps or complete, absolute ignorance of the necessary adjacent areas

welcome to the world of IT, you will have it until retirement

What is it, where to read about it

in order to answer this and other questions, the great Google was created

the desire to fully understand the internal structure of some methods, how they are generally created and work

in general, the meaning of oop is precisely that you don’t need to know how the implementation works, you only need the result. But knowing exactly how the method works can be helpful. Methods are created just like everything else in the world, there is a task, and a method is created to solve it. Or what are you talking about?

Are C and C++ Necessary for Zen?

not really. Maybe then someday you can look at them and it will become clearer how and why your PL works this way

How does a compiler work?

Google to the rescue. In short, it converts your code to native

other types of programming

it's called a paradigm. There are whole books on this topic, but this is not the question here.

Why Windows programs don't work with Linux

different architectures, different interfaces (I'm not talking about gui), etc.

This list is endless.

certainly. That's why there is Google. There are articles and books for almost all your questions, read on

must-have - a super-necessary initial stack, some kind of first step of some kind of knowledge

find a vacancy, study the requirements, come to social services and get your step there

Answer 3

I came across OOP while learning C#. It's not very difficult, but there is a desire to fully understand the internal structure of some methods, how they are created and work in general?

Methods are created by you, you are a programmer. If you are talking about methods of standard classes, then you read the documentation about methods. Method sources seem to be available.
But OOP is more about the organization of labor, and classes are already a consequence.

Maybe I didn't start at all? Maybe, for a complete understanding, it was necessary to start not with an object-oriented language? Do you need C and C++ to achieve Zen?

Basic - you can. In any case, C and C++ are now the closest to low-level languages.

How does a compiler work? How does a conditional WriteLine cause the pixels on the screen to add up to the information needed for output in C#, or how does print do it in Python? How are programming language tools created and operated?

You need to read about the assembler, the architecture of the processor. Then about the functions of the BIOS and OS.

Microsoft Learn told me that there are other types of programming, like functional F# and stuff like that. Why are they needed, at what point should we start studying them?

You may or may not start. There are different tasks, they are solved by different tools. In your case, you can postpone for now.

I love Linux, I really like Linux. I endlessly install them, configure them, find small pieces of information about how this or that thing in the operating system works. And how does it all work in general? How does an operating system generally work? I found out that there are distributions where you have almost a bare core and you build the system yourself to suit your needs. And how does this very core work? What is it? How to start building systems yourself, where and how to learn it? What is hidden behind the graphic shells?

The operating system kernel is actually the thing that allows you to run programs.
Modern operating systems
1) almost all multitask, allow you to run several programs at the same time
2) provide interfaces for working with devices (through drivers and OS functions) to simplify the work of developers.

And how do programs work with operating systems? Why don't Windows programs work with Linux, and what tricks do Linux users use to make them work?

Read about OS functions, standard libraries. Well, architecture.