How to hide links to external resources from the site directory from PS?

Question

Google

Good afternoon SEOs, if there are any.
One of my resources has a directory of organizations with links to their websites.
All of them are closed

<noindex><!--noindex-->
<div>
  <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="/seo/jump?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.site.ru">http://www.site.ru</a>
</div>
<!--/noindex--></noindex>

As you can see, there is a redirect, it is needed to account for transitions.
Recently, in the statistics on clicks on these links, clicks to sites that I don’t have different topics began to be registered. Clearly - some kind of spam.
It was decided to hang up the HTTP_REFERER check for a while, which eliminated this problem.
Now another interesting thing - Google suddenly raised the site in the search results, which I associate with this fact (does it not take into account REFERER?). That is, if this is the case, then the site was pessimized according to some principle, although the webmasters did not write to me about this.
There is, it seems to me, a downside.
1500 links going in the opinion of the PS to a 404 page (if HTTP_REFERER is not specified, an error is generated) in my opinion is not good.
Now the redirect happens automatically, the script only takes into account the transition and sends the browser further. Previously, there was a page on which there was a counter for 10 seconds, after which a client redirect was carried out.
Questions:

1. how to handle referrals to external resources so that the PS are satisfied?
   
2. is it necessary to do this at all, seo gurus say that thematic links are only useful, they probably lie))
   

Answer 1

In html, load via JS, remove #href in the view construct<a href="#link"

Answer 2

thematic links are only useful, they probably lie

Well, why are they lying? If you have a catalog of organizations, it is quite natural that there will be links from the catalog, and vice versa, it is extremely unnatural if there are no links)
If you do not vouch for the quality of sites that are linked from the catalog, then you can specify nofollow for them.

Answer 3

thematic links - it's good
to close from indexing in robots.txt, in the robots meta tag.

Answer 4

Nofollow and noindex applied, so there is nothing to fear. As an option, implementation through redirects. Previously, the feature with closing links in JS worked, but about a year ago I read the news that Google had learned to understand such links. This is also supported by the fact that the robot now asks Google to open JS files for indexing