How to deal with analog measurements?

Question

Arduino

I spied on the connection diagrams to the microcontroller (it doesn’t matter which stm or atmel, let it be arduino for simplicity).

Scheme 1 connection of a sensor with an output of 0..10 Volts
Scheme 2 connection of a sensor with an output of 4..20 mA Scheme
3 measurement of resistance from 0 to 4 kOhm (in theory it will measure any but with a different accuracy)
we process from the specified voltages "0" and "1")
Help me figure it out.
1. green output to power minus?
2. red output to the analog input of the controller?
3. Where is the blue exit?
4. Please explain the red, blue and green piece of the circuit and how to choose the denominations?
5. Orange piece how to choose denominations?
If something is not clear, I will try to explain.

Answer 1

1-yes, 2-yes, 3-gnd MK
schemes are slightly frostbitten to "calculate" them, most likely a certain schoolboy drew. better to look for another source.