How does iPhone/iPad determine its location without GPS?

Question

iOS

Actually, there is no Internet, no GPS (the usual version of the device), but it calmly determines its location around the city.
I understand that via WiFi connecting to access points, but they do not give the Internet.
The consequence is the conclusion that either the device has a Mac coordinate base that is constantly updated, or the device climbs through the points to the Apple server, but do all the points have holes for the Apple geolocation service? It sounds at least funny and fantastic.

Answer 1

Operator cell towers.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_service

Answer 2

try to go to a place where you have never been, go to another city, etc.,
when an Internet device appears, it merges what it saw in response, receives an update so that next time it will become attached to the area

Answer 3

I agree with onepavel
True, there are interesting applications in which the location algorithm is implemented even if there was no network for some period of time.