How and how to check HDD, SSD, flash drives, etc.?

Question

System administration

I decided to reinstall the OS at home on several devices, some have HDDs, some SSDs, while the drives are clean, I decided to check them by connecting them as external ones via a cable.
Tell me how to check the HDD, SSD, and since I do this, then ordinary flash drives too. Are there any differences in their diagnosis? How can they prolong their lives? there are disks / flash drives that, when writing / reading, can drop to 0 in speed, then again go to full speed, how can you deal with this? Is it possible to somehow mark the areas as damaged so that the speed is always high, even if half or less of the full volume remains.
What software is best? I have windows and mac on hand.
Can you recommend anything else for discs?
Thank you.

Answer 1

Drives: SMART + surface check with any software (Victoria, MHDD, badblocks) Flash drives
: does n't make much sense, it's easier to throw them away.

Answer 2

Tell me how to check the HDD, SSD, and since I do this, then ordinary flash drives too.

See the answer from Dmitry , although I disagree with him about flash drives - they are also checked by the same software.
I join the answer Artem .
Here I disagree with Artem , there is such an opportunity: to split the problem media using Acronis DD or Paragon HDM into sections, leaving the broken zone as unallocated space. But this is not a panacea, such a disk will still remain unreliable storage.