Book on the basics of programming?

Question

Books

Already have programming experience (js, c, assembler). But I would like to expand my horizons and better understand the principles of other languages. Recommend a good book.
The book should answer questions about what a static class is, a virtual method, polymorphism, and so on, basic design principles. Difference in languages ​​and approaches (functional, OOP). Server, browser, system programming. There should be understandable code examples, but so that it is not required to write examples for understanding, so that you can read away from the computer. It is desirable, without examples out of touch with life and languages ​​like ADA and experimental ones.
Perhaps such a book has not yet been written, but there is a similar one in the context of a particular language (Java, Python ...).
PS "Ideal code" is not necessary to advise. Not about that.

Answer 1

Bruce Eckel - Thinking in Java. It's all there.
To enter OOP, I would advise you to start with it, since Java very clearly implements all of its principles.
In general, for any PL there is a set of "classic" or "must read" books, and read them.

Answer 2

Take Stroustrup on the plus side. After all, after all, he came up with the OOP in the form that is now used) and better than his, in general, you are unlikely to find something by what you called. More precisely, you will find it - but it is better to start with it. Design - Gang of Four Read, and Fowler. But without understanding OOP, it's too early to approach design, so start with the first person I named you. Moreover, after C it will be clear what is happening in the code)