Are there universal programmers? Or does each company/model have its own?

Question

Do it yourself

Or is one programmer model suitable for everyone?

Answer 1

Does not exist. Everyone has their own. Atmels go crazy in their own way, PICs go crazy in their own way, STMs are also perverted (for st-link they generally need to be killed!).
In general, all MK manufacturers try their best so that a person cannot program their microcontrollers without paying this office extra money in excess of the cost of the MK.
By the way, STM has such low prices for this reason: without st-link, ordinary .. will not program them STM32, and unusual and STM8 will not be able to (because there is no bootlider). Assholes, what can I say...