Windows 7, after installing SP1 updates are not installed and USB does not work

Question

Windows

At some point, an unknown garbage began with my Windows 7.
The bottom line is that drivers are not installed on USB devices, the new device hangs with such a crooked icon and it says that there were errors during the driver installation. I tried several different devices (flash drives, cameras). The chipset drivers are also not installed (tried to reinstall) with the error Warning 0xE0000235: DriverPackageGetPath failed.
Also no updates are made. None of the 5 proposed. No way. It gives some vague errors (Code 80070BC9, Code 643).
The ninth donkey is not installed even if you download a separate installer.
Computer in the domain. Admin rights. All other computers from the same domain with Win7 are doing fine.

And in the start, where the button is finished, such an icon constantly hangs, which means running with elevated privileges (usually it appears when you need to reboot to install updates). Rebooted 1000 times, but it does not disappear.

There is a suspicion that there are no rights either to some directory or to some branch of the registry. Or some of the updates got stuck during the installation process and now the system tries to install it every time.
Advise where to start, where to dig?

Answer 1

It looks like your problem.

Answer 2

I think there is not enough detailed logs here. From simple solutions - system restore, etc.
About problems with Microsfot Update - Resetting Windows Update components to their original state