Why do I have access to directories and files when I shouldn't?

Question

linux

I created a directory, created a file inside it, then ran the command:
chmod -R 000 /имя_каталога
The ls command for the directory has the following output:
d--------- user_name users
and for the file:
---------- user_name users
It seems like when I logged in as user_name, I can’t do anything with this directory and file, but as root - everything. But for some reason, as user_name I can rename the directory, but as root I can't create a new file in it.

On another drive there is a directory with files that also do not have any permissions, only the user and user group for them root. However, as root I can rename the directory, open it, open and rename files inside, but for some reason I can't create new ones.
In general, I can not understand how it works or why it does not work. (FS ext4).

Answer 1

But somehow as user_name I can rename the directory

Renaming a directory requires write access to the parent directory.

and as root I can not create a new file in it

and this is strange. I tested it myself, root can do everything