Who owns the domains and how are they shared?

Question

Domain name market

Good afternoon.
Please explain who owns the domains? How are they divided between registrars? Why is it sometimes possible to buy a domain from one registrar, but not from another? Why are there domains at a fixed price, for example, 300 rubles a year, but there are with a floating price, for example, 300 in the first year, 3000 in the second, and TD. Does a domain have some kind of "cost"? I understand that some companies or people buy a potentially good domain and resell it for a lot of money. But if so, how is the price set for the second year and the third? Who does the rent money ultimately go to and how much?
It turned out chaotically, please explain on your fingers.

Answer 1

Everything is pretty simple.
There is ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - Corporation for managing domain names and IP addresses. It manages the domain zone "." ("dot"), that is, the entire Internet namespace.
In ICANN, you can buy the right to create and manage TLD (Top Level Domain - top-level domain). Why did I emphasize the word "buy" so much? Because the received will have all the properties of the product - you can do anything with it, in particular, set any rules for registering names in this zone.
Even though not all TLDs can be bought - some are reserved for geofences, some "good" geofences can still be used - for example, who would be interested in the opinion of some Cocos Islands (.cc) or Tuvalu (.tv)?
The owner of the zone creates an office for the technical registration of names. Technical registrar - one. And it is he who makes changes to the database. He usually does not accept applications from end customers, selling the right to do so to other offices, they are usually also called registrars, which creates a lot of confusion. In fact, they do not register anything, they only apply to a real registrar.
End registrars sell domain name leases . It is important. You don't BUYname (that is, it does not have the properties of the product - you cannot sell it, exchange it, donate it), you RENT it . That is why the registrar can always terminate this agreement if he sees fit.
And the terms of the lease agreement are completely and completely determined by the registrar, he is not limited by anything here. He is obliged to pay a certain amount to the "real" registrar, and he keeps everything that he messed up. Approximately, like a private taxi driver working under the brand name of a taxi company :)
Usually, when they talk about domains, they mean that everyone remembers that you can’t buy a domain, we are talking about rent and they don’t specifically mention this fact.
The price of registration, the price of renewal and why the gabbagabbahey.cc domain will cost significantly less than sex.com is determined solely by market conditions. In fact, both names are worth nothing, and if suddenly all people stopped fucking and became fans of the Descent game, the ratio would change :)
You yourself can become a registrar and bend whatever prices you want. Sign an agreement with a "real" registrar - and go.
Sometimes they ask - how to start your own zone. The average person usually doesn't. There is an article on Habré about how Yandex started TLD .yandex - it cost them about $ 200,000 and a year of correspondence with ICANN.

Answer 2

if we are talking about tld - ICANN https
://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D...
(s) registered it. The cost of owning a 2+ level domain depends on the registrar or, if it is a domain with a beautiful name, on the current owner of the domain.