What language will help you learn how to competently approach development in BE?

Question

Programming languages

I am a PE developer (actively working with TS), I started to study PE. Naturally, the choice fell on Node.js, but in addition to the tool itself, I would like to study a competent approach to BE development (architecture and working with types) in general, and as I understand it, Node is not the best choice for this, since it allows a lot .

1. What language do you recommend? I'm looking at Go. Java (because of the enterprise) and C# (because of the platform) are not so interesting. Python is interesting, but it also doesn't hit hard, as far as I can tell.
   
2. What other resources (books, courses) would you recommend for learning a competent approach?
   
3. OOP patterns - clear, necessary. How widespread is the functional programming paradigm in BE? Any other paradigms?
   

PS Anticipating sarcastic answers - yes, it is clear that you can code in any language, it is clear that JS has TS, Nest, etc. I would be very grateful for the answers on the case, thank you very much!

Answer 1

TS is also on the back, of course, in the form of a transformation into JS (Node.js is just a runtime in which js is launched). If you want directly canonical development - Java only. You can PHP with strong typing, you can Go, but I did not appreciate it.
As for functional programming, today it exists in one form, in fact, and it is serverless (FaaS) and Nodejs enters there more than completely

Answer 2

The fact is that the cool architecture does not come from "hipster" languages, it is hidden behind enterprise development, the peak of which now falls on c# (.net core, orleans, akka.net). All this if it will be in nodejs ... This is completely unnecessary in nodejs, since it is completely different. Nodejs are small projects and serveless, and this will limit its competence, since the speed does not allow it to be used in an enterprise. Therefore, if you want to be a cool server application developer, I would recommend c#. Well, the nodejs + ts stack will completely cover the types. This is more than enough.

Answer 3

If you want the compiler to hit you on the wrist for almost any sins - try Rust, it will definitely instill good practices in you, and then you look, while you are studying these very practices, there will be more vacancies on it.
But in any case, after Rust and on TS, you start writing differently, better.