What is the difference between responsive web design and adaptive and mobile web design, and which one is better to choose?

Question

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There was a need to convert a ready-made online store for mobile devices. The timing is quite short, I have never encountered anything like this before. The site seems to be simple in terms of layout. First of all, I am interested in the opinion and advice of experienced developers:
1) What is the difference between responsive and adaptive web design?
2) Which is easier and faster for a beginner? What is better to choose?