What is the best book/video/audio track/website/courses/etc. programming basics?

Question

Programming

I feel that I don’t know the basics very well, although I have been programming for more than 3 years.
Well, for example, I didn’t know that there is a bitwise inversion operator ~ (2) = -3, I couldn’t apply % (removal from integer division when it was necessary), I don’t understand well and don’t know how to use ^ (xor).
When is it better to use do while.
The main algorithms that are used in programming. (basic)
When and what is better to use return, break, continue, if ele else if , select and the like. It's better to allocate memory dynamically or statically. What variables to use. Maximum optimization and the like. If there are cases in which it is possible to use goto. (A bit delusional paragraph, but I think the essence is clear)
The language is not important, but not Pascal.
What am I familiar with, c++, c#, php, basic, JavaScript, sql

Answer 1

You need to repeat / study discrete mathematics apparently.
As for
well, if you know the difference between do while and while, then I think the answer is clear to you.
again, you need to understand branching algorithms. And yes, isn't select from another opera? you about select which for sockets/streams?
Again, from the knowledge of differences, truth is born
And what to eat?
premature optimization is evil. Algorithmization is another matter.
Description of finite automata. Again, discrete.
In a word, discretization and algorithmization. Questions on this topic here slipped more than once, look.

Answer 2

I learned C# from the book "Learn C#" 3rd edition by O'REILLY