What commands should be used to backup Linux partitions in the terminal?

Question

linux

Advise on the best way to back up a Linux system as a whole, as well as restore saved data. It will be preferable if all actions will pass through the "terminal". I used Clonezilla before, but now I want to expand my knowledge in terms of working with the "terminal" I will be glad to receive any answers on this issue!

Answer 1

dd?

Answer 2

dd if=/dev/sdb1 of=/tmp/sdb1.dumpthus, information about the section is removed byte by byte.
The result will weigh as much as the partition itself. Those. if the partition is 1G, and occupied by 1M, then the file will still weigh 1G.
But in general, in terms of the size of the backup, it is better to backup data and application cofigs.
If you want to experiment, and then return the system to its original state, you can use LVM snapshots (provided that you have partitions under LVM).