New DELL laptop - why is Ubuntu not installed?

Question

ubuntu

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UPD (solution for beginners):
Initially I planned to put Win 10 on VirtualBox (for Visual Studio, Photoshop and other programs), but as a native use Linux systems, but if it didn’t work out, my plan of action was as follows:
1) I made an installation flash drive with Win 10
2) I ran it on a laptop
2.1) "It is impossible to install Win 10 on this partition because it contains a BMP partition and some tables , which is not clear to the average user", while you can not format and do nothing
3) Launched the Live CD Ubuntu - broke the disk, put NTFS everywhere
4) I start the installation of Win 10 again
5) The disk is broken - the same error
6) We reboot, go into the BIOS, play BOOT with the Legasy and UEFI parameters
7) Win 10 boots up and this time everything is fine - we install windows
So I'll do the opposite, put Linux on a virtual machine.
To use Linux, you need to be well versed in this particular system, my knowledge is still limited to a few commands in the terminal and a little more)
Thank you all for responding!
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Good afternoon everyone!
Just yesterday I bought a new DELL Inspiron 5555 laptop, I already had Ubuntu on it, tested it, everything worked great, then I had to go to another city (from Moscow), where I am now.
Here I launched a laptop, Ubuntu itself offered to download updates (600Mb), of course I agreed, and about 80% of the update window hung, then I apparently out of my own stupidity decided to kill the installation process and start it again:
sudo apt-get update
I got a couple of errors, I was surprised and rebooted the laptop.
sudo reboot
After that, it refused to work normally, at first I got a black screen with some inscriptions (I don’t remember which ones), I rebooted again and in the end everything came to the point that Ubuntu simply did not boot.
I thought, well, I interrupted the normal installation of the OS, apparently, I will have to reinstall it, I made a USB flash drive, downloaded the distribution kit, everything is as it should, I have experience in this, I plugged in the USB flash drive, the Live CD loads quietly , sees the OS on the disk, the installation starts, but upon completion, a reboot is offered (by default), I select it and that's it, the computer hangs again, either a black or purple screen and "_" flashes, you can't enter anything, waited 30 minutes - nothing.
Reboot. Either "File system not found" or purple screen for 3 seconds - then black screen and again nothing.
Repeated the installation already 2-3 times, still the same.
When you exit the Live CD (Shutdown) and reboot after installation, here is a screen:

Help! :( Laptop just bought yesterday before leaving (

Answer 1

I would try erasing the partition table (via dd), re-partitioning the disk and reinstalling the system.

Answer 2

In fact, there is not enough data to make a diagnosis, and all attempts to make one will be just a finger in the sky.
Tip: download systemrescuecd, upload it to a USB flash drive (there is a script for this in the kit), boot from it.
At the start of the boot, there will be a difference: if the color screen for selecting the boot option, then it is not loaded via EFI. If black and white, then EFI.
Next, when booting in EFI mode, you need to look at the output of efibootmvr -v. It will show something like this:

BootCurrent: 0001
Timeout: 1 seconds
BootOrder: 0001,0003,0000
Boot0001* Linux kernel  HD(1,GPT,000000-0000-0000-0000-000000,0x800,0x32000)/File(\KERNEL.EFI)
Boot0003* Windows Boot Manager  HD(1,GPT,000000-0000-0000-0000-000000,0x800,0x32000)/File(\EFI\MICROSOFT\BOOT\BOOTMGFW.EFI)WINDOWS.........x...B.C.D.O.B.J.E.C.T.=.{.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.-.0.0.0.0.-.0.0.0.0.-.0.0.0.0.-.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.}...0................

If not, then the boot record has flown.
// well, if you're too lazy to deal with all this, then you can simply turn on the legacy mode and rearrange it without UEFI;)
// although I personally don't like the eternal shoals of Ubuntu and other "corporate" distributions, but I won't dissuade