In what cases do counters, adders, flip-flops and registers have a large output signal?

Question

Electronics

What conditions will justify this shift of signals (upward)?
That is, in what cases are the signals at the output greater than at the input, why so?
I need to write a summary on this topic, but I don’t understand what to write here at all, help ... I don’t even know where to read.
The teacher asked me to write about such a strange shift of signals. But I couldn't find anything on the internet.