How to change the url of pages so that search engines do not apply sanctions?

Question

Search Engine Optimization

Given: a site where product pages look like site.ru/ articul Product
categories: site.ru/index.php?route=product/category&path= XXXXX
where XXXXX is the category number
I would like to make human-like urls like site.ru/ category_name/ articul
How to do this with a minimum of consequences, so that search engines know about such an "internal move"?

Answer 1

301 redirect.
It is not necessary to write this in htaccess, of course, as they say in the comments. In this case, I think it will be easier to finish the engine so that it sends 301 to the new ones using the old URLs.