How is synchronization time taken into account?

Question

Windows

There is a time server. At a distance of about 1000 kilometers, other computers (power lines vols) are synchronized from it. How exactly is the time taken to send a request and issue a response taken into account.
Accuracy interests precisely in MICROseconds!

Answer 1

NTP algorithm: www.ntp.org/ntpfaq/NTP-s-algo.htm#Q-ALGO-PLL-UPD

Answer 2

There is a time server. At a distance of about 1000 kilometers, other computers (power lines vols) are synchronized from it. How exactly is the time taken to send a request and issue a response taken into account.

Without going into details, we sent a dozen requests to the time server, and in response, it dictated to you the offset of your time relative to the server for each request. Choose the average.
That is, the server does not tell you how much it is now, it tells you how much its readings differ from those sent by you.
To go into details - smoke RFS over NTP, read Allan variance.

Accuracy interests precisely in MICROseconds!

In the conditions you specified, we are talking about milliseconds.
If you want micro - do not use the Internet, for this GPS and other GLONASS exist.