How does the processor work, who will explain on the fingers?

Question

assembler

Hello dear IT people!
The question was born while studying assembler, which I began to comprehend for the subsequent study of high-level PL (I don’t know yet what exactly: C#, Pyhton, Ruby). I want to understand, so to speak, the essence of the process for a deeper understanding of what I wrote in assembler.
I know that the processor performs mathematical operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. But how, operating with a binary system, does it perform a specific action, what are registers , a data bus (When they talk about the “bitness” of a processor , we are talking about the width of the data bus) - how can this be described in simple words?
How ALU works, the most important thing is the principle on the fingers ... What kind of cache memory is the first, second level?
Thank you !
Studied articles from:
Wikipedia, hi-news, Habr

Answer 1

1. The processor is such a calculator on steroids: it can only read and send data, but it does it terribly fast.
2. About bit depth. The processor works with memory. Each memory cell has its own address. Depending on the type of processor, it can work either with 32 bit addresses or with 64 bit ones, which indicates the maximum memory size with which it can work. For 32-bit it is 2^32 bytes, for 64-bit it is 2^64 bytes.
3. Registers are areas of memory within the processor. This is the memory built into the processor. Very small volume, but the speed of access to it is the highest.
4. Cache memory is the memory built into the processor. Larger than registers. It is needed to save frequently occurring commands. Instead of fumbling in the RAM, you can immediately get the desired code from the cache. This greatly speeds up the calculations.
5. There is a certain set of processor instructions. These are unique sequences of bits that are stored in memory. For most commands, you need to pass parameters that come immediately after the command, and they also represent a sequence of bits. The processor reads instruction after instruction and immediately executes them.

Answer 2

The easiest.
The processor is a big box with cells. There are matches in the cells.
ALU is such an uncle. He is reading a book, and in the book it is written from which cell to which to shift how many matches under certain conditions.
The book is very large, the uncle shifts the matches very quickly. It turns out that we do not notice how he does it, but only sees the result, which surprises us very much, because. we don’t understand how an uncle can do a lot by rearranging some matches there.