How does the computer determine what it is currently downloading and how to collect it all?

Question

Computer networks

Good afternoon, please tell me
When we press скачать, bytes start to go from the network card to the processor (by the way, how many, what is the maximum limit on the network and what does it depend on), how does the processor understand what order the bytes should be in if packet loss is inevitable and how does it carry out the return request of the packets that did not reach?
Does the processor see the file or picture as an array of one element?
And in one processor there can be only one data bus, and 4 cores increases this number to 4 bytes per clock?

Answer 1

Maaaamadaroy, what a mess.
You see, you have to read and understand A LOT of things to figure it all out.
For example Tannenbaum - "Computer Networks"
Y Sneijder "Effective TCP / IP Programming"
Briefly:
The network card receives packets from the network. Small pieces of information. The maximum standard packet size for Ethernet and Wi-Fi is 1500 bytes.
The order in which the packages are connected is written in the packages themselves. The operating system (and not the processor, the processor does not control anything) does not "understand" anything, it acts according to protocols, of which there is a whole stack in it (Ethernet | IP | TCP | HTTP, for example).
Upon receipt of each TCP segment, the operating system sends back a service packet - an acknowledgment. If the sender does not receive confirmation of a particular segment for a long time, it resends it.
Your last question makes no sense, you are confusing everything. The number of bytes processed per cycle is a very specific value, for modern processors with their sophisticated SIMD instructions it is even difficult to calculate it.

Answer 2

classically begins with reading the Internet, then you see in it a link to the TCP / IP protocol stack , you read it and you see a bunch of links to other documents in it ...
another option in the search (I hope you know how to use it) write "how the Internet works" and read. .. read ... read ...
Judging by your words, it won’t hurt to read the technical description of the computer’s operation ...
there is a lot of material on the Internet chewed to the very end, don’t indulge, even videos, retelling here will be boring and stupid