How are Android installs tracked without introducing third party SDKs or other interference?

Question

Android

Interested in this question. There are a lot of motivated traffic exchanges on the Internet, where people get little money for installing Android applications. And the advertiser, respectively, receives installations for the minimum cost. So that's the question, when registering in these exchanges, as an advertiser, they simply ask you to indicate the application on Google Play and that's it, throw money and see statistics on installations. How do they track installs without embedding any analytics into the app itself?

Answer 1

We press the "Install" button, at this time the installation counter is added

Answer 2

Google Play has a REFERRER
https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/...

Answer 3

For example, this is tracked using broadcast receivers, if I understand your question: stackoverflow.com/questions/7470314/receiving-pack... (like this)