Error installing Ubuntu 18.04?

Question

linux

Installed Ubuntu instead of Debian. At the same time, Windows 7 was nearby. As a result, when booting Ubuntu, an error occurred that grub could not be installed. After a reboot, it won't go anywhere. I'm trying to start Ubuntu from the disk, it says: you need to load the kernel first. I'm just trying to go somewhere writes no such partion.
Help, I'm a complete noob and don't know what to do.
Here is a screenshot of partitioning. sda2 sda3 is Windows.

Tried through set prefix tried all hd0 on 2 and 3 writes unknow file system, on the rest unknow command normal.

Answer 1

The most logical thing to do would be to try to restore grub. Sea of ​​instructions. Or stupidly reinstall ubuntu.
But for good, you need to figure it out, it's probably the specifics of this laptop or the BIOS settings.
If you need at least a working Windows, then restore its bootloader - this can also be done through the installer disk

Answer 2

You have bad sectors on your hard drive, I think it should be replaced with a new one so that there will be no such errors in the future.