Are there any working alternatives to IP addressing (and to the heap - DNS) as such? How else can you organize a network?

Question

Domain Name System

Look: on the Internet, we are looking for sites either by domain via DNS, which leads the name to the IP of the host, or we immediately connect by IP.

Accordingly, if you add an IP in the router, then it will be possible to connect only through a VPN, and if they make an IP whitelist in the router, then that's it, you've arrived - you are in the sovereign fastened Internet.

Hence the question: is it possible to somehow connect with another computer THROUGH EXISTING INTERNET_NETWORKS except by IP? Or am I driving, and the entire Internet is based on IP addressing?

What are the alternatives to this that are already working?

Is it possible to start up some other flow over already existing developed networks, with a different, non-IP addressing?

Answer 1

The entire internet is based on IP addressing, yes, and all the layers above are based on IP.
That's why he and Internet Protocol
Everything below - it relies on MAC addresses and port numbers. But the high levels don't know anything about the Mac

Answer 2

There is also ipv6, which is like standard ip (ipv4), but with a longer address and the ability to forward it inside the home network for access from outside, as well as bypass ipv4 blacklists through international gateways. But to access these gateways, ipv4 addresses are needed, and if the gateway addresses are blocked, then this option will also be closed.
There are also Mesh networks that can be built on the basis of WiFi access points, but this is practiced in Europe, in small towns, where it is very difficult to lay new communication lines and they are also built on ip.
And of course, satellite Internet from Elon Musk, there are practically no alternatives to it for sane money, but this is also ip.
Previously, there was still FIDO, it works on the principle of e-mail and used to work through the telephone network, i.e. there were no ip protocols, there were other protocols for communication between modems. The speed is low, the network was built on people, i.e. not only there was no anonymity, but there were also meetings of all participants.

Answer 3

Is the entire internet based on IP addressing?

Most likely on MPLS