Why can't I publish a workflow to SharePoint 2010 Foundation?

Question

SharePoint

Good afternoon, colleagues.
The second day I struggle with the problem. There is SharePoint 2010 Foundation deployed on Windows Server 2008 R2, a user with full rights to edit and administer pages in SharePoint, and administrator rights on the server. The system was configured before me, I have no experience with SharePoint.
It was necessary to use workflows. For creation I use SharePoint Designer. A new process (test) is created normally - a name is given, conditions and actions of the process can be configured. You can save the process. However, when trying to publish a process during the form creation stage (Workflow/test/test.xsn), the error "The server was unable to process the request" occurs with the OK and Details buttons. By clicking Details, judging by the description of the window, the message returned by the server should be displayed, but the window is empty. A new window displays the message "SharePoint Designer encountered an error while creating the task form" with a single OK button.
At the same time, the description of the process indicates that it is associated with the list, while the description of the list does not have a connection with the process.
If you try to repeat the same thing through the browser window (I use Explorer), a choice arises from process templates ("Three stages", "Approval", "Collect signatures" and "Collect feedback"), of which only "Three stages" works, which I do not needed, the others return an "An unexpected error occurred" error and a long relationship identifier. I read that the rest of the templates appear only when using SharePoint 2010 Standard and higher, this may be the reason ..
Searching for a solution in Google and Yandex did not give any results.
Please help with advice - in which direction to dig and what manuals to read?