Where can I read the theory of server development for "dummies"?

Question

PHP

Guys, hello! Interns periodically come to our studio after universities to the position of backend (node ​​/ php / ruby), who absolutely do not understand the principles of interaction between the network, front-end and back-end, do not even understand how a socket / http request works, do not sometimes speaking about the simple fact that when issuing a file from the server, you need to specify the mime type of the issued file. I tried to explain to the trainee on the fingers, using a simple server on node, what a RESTful API is, showing examples of issuing json from disk, parsing it on the server and issuing it via http using simple headers. It seems like they spent 5 years at the university, but they don’t know anything.
Is there any resource that you can read at your leisure, which describes the principles of http, tcp, socket, the interaction of a proxy server (web server) with the application logic and its base (we use nosql). Also, so that at least such topics as encoding, information flows, real-time are covered, but this is not necessary. Of course, one could hand Tanenbaum's book and watch the time pass blindly, because I would like the guys to start writing already. Thank you.

Answer 1

Everything below is personal opinion. All verbs in the imperative mood (“give, explain”) I propose to consider the subjunctive mood (“perhaps it would be correct to give, explain”).
They come to you just to find out and try. Give them the opportunity to work with real problems, explain to each his problem on his concrete example. Do not hide behind courses, books and articles - work with raw material, like a potter with clay.
The criteria for acceptance for an internship should be knowledge of the syntax and semantics of the language, the intersection of technologies (PHP + JS for example), erudition, the ability to understand the task, justify the solution, formulate some kind of personal unsolvable problem to seek help, try to independently find, understand and apply someone else's decision. Another factor for evaluation is knowledge in the subject area, that is, in the area of ​​human activity that, in the context of information technology, is subject to automation. Sometimes a person "enters" the subject area better than the language. Which is also good.
If candidates have a significant gap in knowledge - refuse an internship with an indication of the reason. Maybe he will learn and come again. If the gaps are small, fix them.
After a while, fix the dynamics - how well each of them closed their gaps in knowledge, what they learned. If the dynamics is insufficient, make a decision to terminate the internship or work.
Weed out those who don't want to know, not those who couldn't. Those who want to know will find out not tomorrow, but in a week.

Answer 2

Surely the applicants still do not know English, do they?
General Linux - more for backenders
https://academy.yandex.ru/events/kit
Interfaces - more for layout designers
https://academy.yandex.ru/events/shri