Where can I read about authentication and authorization in web applications?

Question

User identification

This means both common mechanisms, such as OAuth, and general topics, encryption in this context, keys, cookies, session, and that's all that I've heard somewhere, but I don't really understand and know.
Could help - point the direction.

Answer 1

Everything in a row is very extensive and you won’t even read everything!
It depends on the solution of a specific problem: authentication is one thing (there are a lot of them!), encryption is completely different, hashing algorithms are a completely different direction.
Start with simple wikipedia terms and move on to links within articles.
Authorization
Authentication

Answer 2

• Introduction to OAuth 2
  
• About tokens, JSON Web Tokens (JWT), authentication...
  

Answer 3

Www-auth digest and basic. This is for starters

Answer 4