What is the meaning of partitions without hard drive letters?

Question

Hard disks

I look at the laptop through Acronis, I try to understand why Windows is not loaded and how to restore to factory settings

Answer 1

Commentators on your question are not quite right, something can be seen both in the photo and through Acronis DD.
First, your Recovery partition, which is not labeled with a letter, has nothing to do with booting the OS.
Secondly, the bootloader section is related to booting, you have a system 100-MB partition of the FAT32 type.
Thirdly, for some reason this partition is not marked as bootable (i.e. active). Make it so with the help of Acronis DD - a red flag will appear on it, as it is already on the neighboring UUI disk.
If there are no other glitches, then the OS should start loading.