What is the best way to redirect to external pages?

Question

Search Engine Optimization

It is planned to turn external links on the forum into links like example.com/goto?http://outsite.com, which, when clicked, redirects to an external site.
I already asked a similar question, but the advice mainly concerned the option when, when clicked, a page appears with a warning and with a link that the user must click on again. But this option is not suitable. You need an automatic redirect: with a delay and displaying a message about an imminent redirect or instant. For example, like in VK with away.php?to
The question is how best to do a redirect. Instant with 301 Moved Permanently, 302 Moved Temporarily or 307 Temporary Redirect? Or is it better to issue a page with a redirect message that says Refresh of 0 or a few seconds? And with what code to issue it?
Of course, I will prohibit links like /goto* in robots.txt and add nofollow to the links just in case. But I don’t really understand this business, so there are doubts whether such a redirect to third-party sites is harmful. Suddenly, search engines still follow such links. Won't they think that if there is a 301 Moved Permanently redirect to a third-party site, then my site is connected to it with more than just a link?

Answer 1

Why do a redirect by the server at all and display other people's links in the pages of your forum?

<a href="#" onclick="redirectUrl('http://outsite.com'); return false">Внешняя ссылка</a>