Ubuntu and Windows 7 on the same laptop, internet stopped working. How to fix?

Question

Computer networks

Situation.
The laptop (acer aspire 5750g) is running ubuntu 16.04.
The other day I decided to play around and for this I installed windows 7 on another hard drive (it stands in the place of the drive).
After that I updated grub on ubuntu, windows 7 appeared in the bootloader. Everything is fine. Went to Windows.
I installed all sorts of drivers there:
for lan (LAN_Broadcom_14.8.0.5_W7x86x64),
and for wifi (Wireless LAN_Atheros_9.1.0.334_W7x64_A),
and for everything else.
I downloaded the driver from the acer website.
At home, the Internet works on both Windows and Ubuntu (asus nt-16 router). Everything is as it should be.
But if you try to distribute the Internet from your phone (via a cord or via Wi-Fi) or connect via another Wi-Fi network (at the university, for example), then the Internet on Ubuntu stops working (everything is fine on Windows).
It connects to the network, the signal is shown that there is, the requests go, but last indefinitely. It usually crashes with the DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_BAD_CONFIG error in chrome.
And the most amazing thing in this story is that Telegram WORKS somehow. Sends, receives messages, everything is normal.
Neither chrome, nor ping, nor any other application works over the network.
No proxies are set. Tried to use an external network adapter. Did not help.
Found a similar question https://askubuntu.com/questions/596062/ubuntu-14-0...
There, some suggest that such a command be executed at each start
echo 1> /sys/bus/pci/devices//reset
But it gives me permission denied all the time. Tried other tips from there - does not help. Moreover, he even removed the drivers from Windows, pulled out the hard one with Windows. And the Internet is still only from the home router.
If anyone has experienced this issue or knows what could be wrong, please help.

Network settings

Ifconfig -a output on ubunt when connected to home router.

enp2s0f0  Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr dc:0e:a1:2b:ba:c6
          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
          Interrupt:16

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:2570 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2570 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
          RX bytes:193426 (193.4 KB)  TX bytes:193426 (193.4 KB)

wlp3s0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 64:27:37:59:37:c6
          inet addr:192.168.1.81  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::a401:915f:3ee0:1ac8/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:23370 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:20087 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:19958141 (19.9 MB)  TX bytes:4416663 (4.4 MB)

Вывод ifconfig -a на убунте при подключении через телефон.

enp2s0f0  Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr dc:0e:a1:2b:ba:c6
          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
          Interrupt:16

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:2688 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2688 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
          RX bytes:202624 (202.6 KB)  TX bytes:202624 (202.6 KB)

wlp3s0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 64:27:37:59:37:c6
          inet addr:172.20.10.4  Bcast:172.20.10.15  Mask:255.255.255.240
          inet6 addr: fe80::b753:552d:cab0:bb88/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:24183 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:20834 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:20604844 (20.6 MB)  TX bytes:4556472 (4.5 MB)

Answer 1

DNS is not working for you. By direct IP address (Skype and Telegram usually work this way), there is a connection, but the DNS is broken.
Or the DNS client is simply stopped or not configured.
Try to see what you have in
/etc/resolv.conf
If there is no adequate entry, add
nameserver 8.8.8.8
But in general, the network manager should overwrite this file itself.