Programming training: step-by-step development, tools, materials, etc. for a beginner. What's what in the world of programming?

Question

Programming

Good day. I am a second-year student at one of the metropolitan universities, studying in the specialty "applied informatics in economics", which, in fact, is the usual training for a programmer, and, as is customary in metropolitan universities, or perhaps it's just my own laziness (and to condemn I cannot teach due to lack of experience and ignorance of alternatives), but, nevertheless, I know nothing about programming. For two years we have been taught programming in Delphi, there was a short practice about the simplest things in layout, creating a database in Access. I describe this for the reader to understand the level of my knowledge. I repeat - I worked ONLY in Delphi, and I learned how to draw buttons and assign procedures to them.
Actually the subject: I'm looking for answers to the most banal questions that I don't know about, and the first / third year students of my specialty also don't know. For clarity, I will break them down into paragraphs. Let's go:
1. How the development of the site is built (in stages, starting with creating a drawing on paper / in Photoshop).
2. Website development. I understand that, roughly speaking, a "picture" is created using HTML / CSS, I understand what databases are for and ... that's all. Explain in simple language or show where to look for information on how to:
- upload this "picture" to the Internet;
- how to attach a database to this picture;
- with the help of which the developer interacts with the database;
What is JavaScript for?
What is PHP for?
- why do we need Python and Ruby on the web;
- is Python a replacement for PHP;
- how is the development of applications for the web, because, as far as I understand, "I drew a button - I wrote a procedure" is a Delphi chip;
- if I'm wrong in the previous question, then how to set up a development environment and what kind of environments are there.
3. Is Visual Studio an alternative to Delphi or are they completely different things. As far as I know, VS can be used by a desktop developer, a mobile developer, and a web developer, so why isn't it widely used?
4. What are frameworks for and what is it, again, in simple terms.
5. What is the "Git version control system", what is it for and how does it work.
6. What does the interface of a web programmer include (programs, websites, etc.)
After reading the questions, it's obvious that I'm interested in web development, but I don't actually know anything about it. Please do not throw stones, I'm tired of fragmentary knowledge and I would like to at least roughly imagine the overall picture of web development. If, in your opinion, I have not mentioned something important, I will be glad to know about it. Again, I'm a total newbie and would be happy to learn as much information as possible.

Answer 1

To all those who unsubscribed from above: well, what are you pestering? And it’s weak to simply answer what a git is, so that the child understands. Or just blah blah blah can you send books to teach?
By the way, the author of the question, for good, you need to read a LOT in Google on each issue.
1) Prototype, then layout, then stretching on CMS, then filling.
2) Uploading a picture to the Internet means putting it on hosting.
Attach DB to image – specify the DB in CMS settings
Using the programming language (php, ruby),
JavaScript is needed to write code that does not require a page reload. It runs directly in the browser. PHP is needed to write the code for which you need to reload the page. It runs on a remote server.
Python and Ruby - PHP
's "draw button - write procedure" alternative works on the web, you just draw and write in other languages.
2. I don't know
3. The framework allows you to program faster, due to the fact that it presents many features on a silver platter and you do not need to write them yourself for hours.
4. Git.. git... Git allows you to experiment in programming. You can make a cool program. Save using the git (as in the game). Then program it further, mess it up, break everything. Understand that it is better to leave the previous version of the program, and return to the "save".
5. IDE (phpstorm for example) - code is written in it. Local server (openserver for example), it allows you to use php on your computer. Browser - allows you to look at what you piled up.

Answer 2

The most important thing is done - questions are asked.
You can take each question and paste it into Google, and read, read, read.
To paint each item is nonsense. Google has millions of pages with the answer to each of the questions.

Answer 3

I'll give you a link specifically - you don't even need to google
"How to ask questions" goo.gl/spqRI2

Answer 4

the most banal questions that I don’t know about, and the students of the first / third year of my specialty also don’t know.

It doesn't say anything at all. A "programmer" is a master and he may not answer these questions. A tribute to our education. Only self-study.
About self-study. Asking questions like this is a guarantee of failure. For you, no one will chew information and put it in your mouth. Nobody needs you. On the Internet there are answers to all your questions. You just need to know how to look for them. This is one of the key skills in IT.
Second, read books. Paper, electronic, it doesn't matter. You can take courses on Coursera. In general, any information that will be at the end of the topic is necessarily fixed by practice.
Third - as you master the language, get a job as an intern / junior, part-time or for food. There you will find everything else.