Please, describe the most detailed scheme of client-server operation?

Question

PHP

Look here: I go to the browser, I prescribe the address: https://www.domain.com/index.php
In the index.php file

<?php
echo 'Hello world!';
?>

The browser loads, then displays the inscription in the upper left corner
Hello world!
How does all this happen?
I understand that the browser sent a request to https://www.domain.com/index.php but what does this request look like?
Then
How does this request get from the browser to the server? (I understand that in packets, I don’t understand what it goes through, give at least the names of the nodes so that I can google, and how these nodes understand which next node to transmit information, where these nodes are in the real world)
Through which the browser sends a request. Through a port? TCP/IP?
Then
the Server receives a request,
How does he get the request? Also via port? Through another or the same one that the browser used for transmission, the
Server processed (translated into a language understandable to itself and generated packets for sending, as I understand it) the browser request, accepting all packets and sends a response in the form of packets to the browser that contains <p>Hello world!</p>
the Browser also receives packets through the port and processes the information, then displays it on the screen. Is that how it all happens?
I ask you to write down, and throw the materiel, a book to learn more but in an accessible way about it.

Answer 1

What actually happens when a user types the address google.com into the browser
habrahabr.ru/company/htmlacademy/blog/254825