How to start software development?

Question

Swift

Hello.
I started to study programming and sort of figured out the basics, but when developing a project I encounter such a problem that I can’t keep the algorithm in my head. I've already broken my brain!

Tell me, is there any "thing" to structure the algorithm and make it visual?
Well, kind of like how a design starts with a sketch, a website with a prototype... Code only.

Because I even stuck on a banal calculator.
(on an adequate banal calculator, with full functionality, and not what is in the textbooks in the first chapter as an example)
I do one thing, another breaks. And in the upper part of the skull it feels like the brain is oozing.

Answer 1

For the algorithm - there are block diagrams and pseudo-languages.
For program structure - there are UML diagrams.
There are tools for both, and both can be simplified for themselves and tasks.

Answer 2

yes, this thing is called
Clean Code Architecture Robert Martin
Robert Martin: Clean Architecture. The art of software development

Answer 3

There are 7 variables in your head, so keep that in mind.
Create cards with classes, you can even on paper, describe everything that he should do and implement. And of course write comments.

Answer 4

https://excalidraw.com/

Answer 5

Flowcharts and UML diagrams. This is taught at school in computer science classes.