How to set up a network in Android for reverse-tethering?

Question

Android

Good day. There is a phone on Android 4.3 (kernel 3.4.0), rooted. The phone in the local network has an IP of 192.168.42.129, the desktop machine is 192.168.42.1, the route is registered on the phone with the command "busybox route add 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 gw 192.168.42.1 dev rndis0". In resolv.conf, Google DNS servers (nameserver 8.8.8.8 -//- 8.4.4.4) and nothing else. No other changes were made.
All IPs are successfully pinged, both local and from the Internet, packet transmission is confirmed by Wireshark on the host. For some reason, nslookup works fine in this configuration, displays a list of IPs and packets with requests to the DNS servers go. At that time, an attempt to ping ya.ru ends in nothing, packets are not sent at all. And similarly, a browser can connect by IP, but not by hostname, i.e. something is wrong with DNS.
That's the question - what? And what I don't understand anymore - networking principles or Linux/Android device?