How did they write their operating systems/languages ​​in the USSR?

Question

Programming

What books / topics to read / start studying to answer this question? Specifically, 2 things are of interest:
1. Was there any influence and connection with the West (if so, how and what?)
2. Technical details, how they debugged, how they wrote and all that.

Answer 1

There were no operating systems in the USSR! :)

Answer 2

You can start with this:
.
The impact was huge. Please note that all the most successful developments - clones were created under the strong impression of well-known Western counterparts.
The EU series (the most famous Soviet mainframe) -> IBM System/360 (the most famous non-Soviet mainframe).
Series "Electronics" -> PDP-11 (the most famous mini-computer before the advent of personal computers).
In the 80s, a bunch of clones of the ZX Spectrum, Apple, IBM PC went. Basically good clones.
But completely original, incompatible developments (there were many of them) somehow did not leave a significant mark in history.
Probably the same as all over the world. Programming is the same everywhere. Much more interesting, I think, was how the order for software was made, how management decisions were made on the choice of development directions. Under market conditions, all this is obvious, but how it was possible without a market, it is difficult for me to imagine.

Answer 3

There were two periods in the USSR - before the "drain" and after.
The pre-drain period was for tube and transistor computers, when the theories of operating systems and high-level languages ​​were still being developed. Both we and the Americans then went by the scientific method, but from the point of view of today it was somewhat easier, since everything rested on limited hardware capabilities, so the volumes were scanty and could be controlled manually. It was in those days that Brusentsov's ternary computer was created, about which they recently wrote.
The leak was that under Khrushchev, the party and the government ordered their own developments to be closed and they were forced to copy PDP, IBM and DEC without permission. From that moment we began to lag behind, and this lasted until the end of the USSR. After the collapse, the best developments and the best minds of the United States received as a trophy.
Developments more or less applicable to modern conditions come at the very end of the USSR - literally the last two or three years. You can read about the development of the Windows-1251 code page, Zuev's book about the development of the compiler, find something on the history of the Excelior company from Novosibirsk, and also about some kind of built-in, like "Mikroshi" or BK.

Answer 4

As in the USA. Or for you, before 87-91, we had the DPRK?

Answer 5

Try to search about REFAL/Supercompilation. This is the most interesting thing that has been invented. Ideas ahead of time. Nothing more before or after. The ES computer tracing paper IBM 360 was made mainly by reverse engineering, but after all it was done, after that nothing at all. Well, Tetris of course.

Answer 6

history of domestic IT
(with pictures)
And, for the sake of curiosity, you can trace the relationship between the name of Vladimir Pentkovsky, books written by him in the late USSR ... - with the name of the Pentium processor, the family of which you continue to use. ;-)
As fellow scientists say: epistemology... ;-)