301 redirect how to reduce the load?

Question

MySQL

There is a link shortener.
Users choose to go directly through 301 redirects more often.
With a simultaneous transition to > 300 people, the site goes down in 15-30 seconds.

How can this be done and what needs to be done, approximately at least?

Answer 1

It is clearly not due to nginx, so remove the corresponding tag (as well as server hardware, by the way).
Your question is about profiling the application, optimizing queries to the database, organizing caches - and not about the operation of the web server.